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These changes were in concert with the implementation of policies including extended medical insurance coverage, pollution control, active prophylaxis of CVD including lifestyle promotion, and national health programs. The crude mortality of ischemic heart disease kept increasing but its age-adjusted mortality decreased continually after 1997. Hemorrhagic stroke, the major CVD death in the mid-aged population, decreased dramatically after 1991. The age-standardized CVD mortality decreased from 144.5/100,000 to 100.7/100,000 in the residents (average annual percentage change -1.0, 95% confidence interval -1.7 to − 0.2), which was mainly contributed by women (AAPC -1.3, 95% CI − 2.0 to − 0.7), not by men. Hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke were the 3 leading causes of CVD death. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.Ī total of 101,822 CVD death occurred during 1974–2015, accounting for 36.95% of total death. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. New strategy is needed to prevent the aging-related CVD death and burden in the future. Improvements in medical services, pollution control, and lifestyle could decrease CVD death. Sequelae of CVD and ischemic heart disease are predicted to be the leading causes of CVD death in 2029.ConclusionsExposure to serious malnutrition in early life might increase CVD mortality in later life. The mortality of CVD increased in those born during 1937-1945, a period of the Japanese military occupation, and during 1958-1965, a period including the Chinese Famine. The age-standardized CVD mortality decreased from 144.5/100,000 to 100.7/100,000 in the residents (average annual percentage change -1.0, 95% confidence interval -1.7 to - 0.2), which was mainly contributed by women (AAPC -1.3, 95% CI - 2.0 to - 0.7), not by men.
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Age-sex-specific CVD mortality rates were predicted by using age-period-cohort Poisson regression model.ResultsA total of 101,822 CVD death occurred during 1974-2015, accounting for 36.95% of total death.
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The burden was evaluated using age-standardized person years of life loss per 100,000 persons (SPYLLs). Temporal trends for the mortality rates and burden of CVD during 1974-2015 were evaluated using Joinpoint Regression Software.
Ykey actions relating to immigration restriction and reform registration#
The effect of socioeconomic factors on cause-specific mortality and burden of CVD is rarely evaluated in low- and middle-income countries, especially in a rapidly changing society.MethodsOriginal data were derived from the vital registration system in Yangpu, a representative, population-stable district of urban Shanghai, China, during 1974-2015. BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide.